Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: страна на връщане
- CZ: země návratu
- DE: Rückkehrland
- EE: vastuvõttev riik
- EN: country of return
- ES: país de retorno
- FI: paluumaa
- FR: pays de retour
- GA: tír fillte
- GR: χώρα επιστροφής
- HU: visszatérési ország
- IT: paese di ritorno
- LT: šalis, į kurią grįžta
- LV: atgriešanas valsts (EU acquis) / izraidīšanas valsts (national)
- MT: Pajjiż fejn wieħed jirritorna / fejn w. imur lura
- NL: terugkeerland
- NO: returland
- PL: kraj powrotu
- PT: país de retorno
- RO: ţara de returnare
- SE: återvändandeland
- SK: krajina návratu
- SL: država povratka / vrnitve
In the EU context, a third country to which a third-country national returns.
2. In most cases, it is the country of origin to which a return is made, but this definition is used here in order to indicate other (possible) destinations, e.g. country of transit or another third country.
- BG: доброволно връщане
- CZ: dobrovolný návrat
- DE: freiwillige Rückkehr
- EE: vabatahtlik (riigist) lahkumine
- EN: voluntary return
- ES: retorno voluntario
- FI: vapaaehtoinen paluu
- FR: retour volontaire
- GA: filleadh deonach
- GR: εθελούσια επιστροφή
- HU: önkéntes hazatérés
- IT: ritorno volontario
- LT: savanoriškas grįžimas
- LV: brīvprātīga atgriešanās
- MT: Ritorn volontarju
- NL: vrijwillige terugkeer
- NO: frivillig retur (b) / friviljug retur (n)
- PL: dobrowolny powrót
- PT: retorno voluntário
- RO: returnare voluntară
- SE: frivilligt återvändande
- SK: dobrovoľný návrat
- SL: prostovoljna vrnitev
The assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or third country, based on the free will of the returnee.
2. The types of persons returning without the assistance of the State include those who:
a) would be under no (legal) obligation to do so. As stated in the definition, it is entirely their decision as to whether they return or not;
b) are irregularly resident and have not (yet) been apprehended/detected (e.g. overstayers), but who decide to return anyway;
c) have applied to stay (e.g. asylum seeker, person applying for international protection) and whose application has not yet been finalised, but decide to return anyway.
3. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) prefers the term ‘voluntary repatriation’.
- BG: принудително връщане
- CZ: nucený návrat
- DE: zwangsweise Rückführung / Zwangsrückführung / erzwungene Rückkehr
- EE: sunnitud tagasipöördumine
- EN: compulsory return
- ES: retorno forzoso
- FI: pakkopalautus / pakkoon perustuva paluu
- FR: obligation de retour
- GA: filleadh éigeantach
- GR: αναγκαστική επιστροφή
- HU: kötelező visszatérés
- IT: ritorno obbligato
- LT: priverstinis grąžinimas
- LV: piespiedu atgriešana (EU acquis) / piespiedu izraidīšana (national)
- MT: Ritorn obbligatorju // Ripatrijazzjoni obbligatorja
- NL: gedwongen terugkeer
- NO: tvangsretur
- PL: przymusowy powrót
- RO: returnare (fortata)/returnare sub escortă
- SE: tvångsmässigt återvändande
- SK: nútený návrat
- SL: obvezno vračanje
In the EU context, the process of going back – whether in voluntary or enforced compliance with an obligation to return– to:
- one's country of origin; or
- a country of transit in accordance with EU or bilateral readmission agreements or other arrangements; or
- another third country, to which the third-country national concerned voluntarily decides to return and in which they will be accepted.
2. Outside of EU legislation the term ‘forced return’ is more commonly used and understood as a synonym with ‘compulsory return’ – i.e. return which occurs in compliance with a return decision.
- BG: първа страна на убежище
- CZ: první země azylu
- DE: erster Asylstaat / erstes Asylland
- EE: esmane varjupaigariik
- EN: first country of asylum
- ES: primer país de asilo
- FI: ensimmäinen turvapaikkamaa
- FR: pays de premier asile
- GA: an chéad tír thearmainn
- GR: πρώτης χώρας ασύλου
- HU: elsődleges befogadó állam
- IT: paese di primo asilo
- LT: pirmoji prieglobsčio šalis
- LV: pirmā patvēruma valsts
- MT: L-Ewwel art / pajjiż tal-ażil
- NL: eerste land van asiel
- NO: første asylland
- PL: kraj pierwszego azylu
- PT: primeiro país de asilo
- RO: prima ţară de azil
- SE: första asylland
- SK: prvá krajina azylu
- SL: prva država azila
(a) been recognised as a refugee and they can still avail themselves of that protection; or
(b) otherwise enjoys sufficient protection, including benefiting from the principle of non-refoulement, provided that they will be readmitted to that country.
2. In accordance with relevant legislation, an applicant shall be allowed to challenge the application of the first country of asylum concept in relation to their particular circumstances.
- BG: придобиване на гражданство
- CZ: nabytí státního občanství
- DE: Erwerb der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsuse omandamine / kodakondsuse saamine
- EN: acquisition of citizenship
- ES: adquisición y atribución de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuuden saaminen
- FR: acquisition de la citoyenneté
- GA: saoránacht a fháil
- GR: κτήση ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság megszerzése
- IT: acquisizione di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės įgijimas
- LV: pilsonības iegūšana
- MT: Ksib ta’ ċittadinanza
- NL: verkrijging van het staatsburgerschap
- NO: erverv av statsborgerskap (b) / erverv av statsborgarskap (n)
- PL: nabywanie obywatelstwa
- PT: aquisição de nacionalidade
- RO: obtinerea cetateniei / dobandirea cetateniei
- SE: förvärv av medborgarskap
- SK: nadobudnutie štátneho občianstva / získanie štátneho občianstva
- SL: pridobitev državljanstva
The particular legal bond between an individual and their State, acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, choice, marriage or other means according to national legislation.
2. One of the possible ways of acquiring citizenship is through naturalisation, which refers more to the decision / administrative process by the relevant authorities for the granting of nationality.
EUDO Glossary on Citizenship and Nationality
- BG: презаселен бежанец
- CZ: přesídlený uprchlík
- DE: neuangesiedelter Flüchtling
- EE: ümberasustatud pagulane
- EN: resettled refugee
- ES: refugiado reasentado
- FI: uudelleensijoitettu pakolainen
- FR: réfugié réinstallé
- GA: dídeanaí athlonnaithe
- HU: áttelepített menekült
- IT: rifugiato reinsediato
- LT: perkeltas pabėgėlis
- LV: pārvietots bēglis
- MT: rifuġjat(a) risistemat(a)
- NL: programma voor uitgenodigde vluchtelingen (BE: programma voor hervestigde vluchteling)
- NO: overføringsflyktning
- PL: przesiedlony uchodźca
- RO: refugiat relocat
- SE: kvotflykting
- SK: presídlená osoba / presídlený utečenec / presídlenec
- SL: ponovno naseljeni begunec
In the EU context, a third-country national or stateless person who, on a resettlement request from UNHCR based on their need for international protection, are transferred from a third country to a Member State where they are permitted to reside with one of the following statuses:
(i) refugee status within the meaning of Art. 2(d) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) or
(ii) a status which offers the same rights and benefits under national and Union law as refugee status
2. In some cases, national authorities assess in addition as to whether the person concerned is a refugee.
3. There are different terms used in EU Member States depending on different legal concepts. In some Member States such refugees are accepted as part of a yearly resettlement programme.
4. IE uses the term ‘programme refugee’ in a wider context than ‘resettlement’ and defines in Section 24 of the Irish Refugee Act, 1996 as follows: ‘a person to whom leave to enter and remain in the State for temporary protection or resettlement as part of a group of persons has been given by the Government’.
- BG: презаселване
- CZ: přesídlení
- DE: Neuansiedlung
- EE: ümberasustamine
- EN: resettlement
- ES: reasentamiento
- FI: uudelleensijoittaminen
- FR: réinstallation
- GA: athlonnú
- GR: επανεγκατάστασης
- HU: áttelepítés (letelepítés)
- IT: reinsediamento
- LT: perkėlimas
- LV: pārvietošana
- MT: Risistemazzjoni
- NL: hervestiging
- NO: gjenbosetting (b) / gjenbusetjing (n)
- PL: przesiedlenie
- PT: reinstalação
- RO: relocare
- SE: vidarebosättning
- SK: presídlenie / presídľovanie
- SL: ponovna naselitev
In the EU context, the transfer, on a request from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and based on their need for international protection, of a third-country national or stateless person, from a third country to an EU Member State, where they are permitted to reside with one of the following statuses:
(i) refugee status within the meaning of Art. 2(d) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive)(ii) a status which offers the same rights and benefits under national and EU law as refugee status.
2. This term should not be confused with ‘relocation’.
- BG: гранична зона
- CZ: pohraniční oblast
- DE: Grenzgebiet / Grenzregion
- EE: piiriala
- EN: border area
- ES: zona fronteriza
- FI: raja-alue
- FR: zone frontalière
- GA: limistéar teorann
- GR: συνοριακή ζώνη
- HU: határmenti terület
- IT: zona di frontiera
- LT: pasienio teritorija
- LV: pierobeža
- MT: Żona ta’ mal-konfini
- NL: grensgebied
- NO: grenseområde
- PL: strefa przygraniczna
- PT: zona fronteiriça
- RO: zonă de frontieră
- SE: gränsområde
- SK: pohraničná oblasť (EU acquis) / prihraničné územie (national law)
- SL: obmejno območje
An area that extends no more than 30 kilometres from the border.
- BG: граничен жител
- CZ: obyvatel pohraniční oblasti
- DE: Grenzbewohner
- EE: piiriala elanik
- EN: border resident
- ES: residente fronterizo
- FI: raja-alueen asukas
- FR: frontalier
- GA: cónaitheoir teorann
- GR: κάτοικος της μεθορίου
- HU: határ menti lakos
- IT: frontaliero
- LT: pasienio gyventojas
- LV: pierobežas iedzīvotājs
- MT: Resident(a) ta’ mal-konfini / mal-fruntiera
- NL: grensbewoner
- NO: grenseboer (b) / grensebuar (n)
- PL: mieszkaniec strefy przygranicznej
- PT: residente fronteiriço
- RO: locuitor din zona de frontieră
- SE: gränsboende
- SK: pohraničná oblasť (EU acquis) / prihraničné územie (national law)
- SL: obmejni prebivalec
- BG: незаконно влизане
- CZ: neoprávněný vstup na území
- DE: irreguläre Einreise
- EE: ebaseaduslik (riiki) sisenemine
- EN: irregular entry
- ES: entrada irregular
- FI: laiton maahantulo
- FR: entrée irrégulière
- GA: iontráil aimhrialta
- GR: παράνομη είσοδος
- HU: szabálytalan határátlépés
- IT: ingresso irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas atvykimas
- LV: nelikumīga ieceļošana
- MT: Dħul irregolari
- NL: illegale binnenkomst
- NO: irregulær innreise
- PL: nieregularny wjazd
- PT: entrada irregular
- SE: olaglig inresa
- SK: nelegálny vstup / neoprávnený vstup
- SL: ilegalen vstop / nedovoljen vstop
In the Schengen context, the entry of a third-country national into a Schengen Member State who does not satisfy Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
2. Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) states that for stays not exceeding three months per six-month period, the entry conditions for third-country nationals shall be the following:
a) they are in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border;
b) they are in possession of a valid visa, if required pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (17), except where they hold a valid residence permit;
c) they justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay, and they have sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to their country of origin or transit to a third country into which they are certain to be admitted, or are in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
d) they are not persons for whom an alert has been issued in the SIS for the purposes of refusing entry;
e) they are not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the EU Member States, in particular where no alert has been issued in EU Member States' national data bases for the purposes of refusing entry on the same grounds.
3. For more information, see Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
- BG: циркулярна миграция
- CZ: cirkulační / cirkulární migrace
- DE: zirkuläre Migration
- EE: korduvränne
- EN: circular migration
- ES: migración circular
- FI: kiertomuutto
- FR: migration circulaire
- GA: imirce chiorclach
- GR: κυκλική μετανάστευση
- HU: körkörös migráció
- IT: migrazione circolare
- LT: apykaitinė migracija
- LV: cirkulārā migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni ċirkolari
- NL: circulaire migratie
- NO: sirkulær migrasjon
- PL: migracja cyrkulacyjna
- PT: migração circular
- RO: migraţie circulară
- SE: cirkulär migration
- SK: okružná migrácia / cirkulárna migrácia
- SL: krožna migracija
A repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries.
(a) Circular migration of third-country nationals settled in the EU
This category of circular migration gives people the opportunity to engage in an activity (business, professional, voluntary or other) in their country of origin while retaining their main residence in one of the EU Member States. This covers various groups, e.g.:
- business persons working in the EU and wishing to start an activity in their country of origin (or in another third country); and
- doctors, professors or other professionals willing to support their country of origin by conducting part of their professional activity there.
(b) Circular migration of persons residing in a third country
Circular migration could create an opportunity for persons residing in a third country to come to the EU temporarily for work, study, training or a combination of these, on the condition that, at the end of the period for which they were granted entry, they must re-establish their main residence and their main activity in their country of origin. Circularity can be enhanced by giving migrants the possibility, once they have returned, to retain some form of privileged mobility to and from the EU Member States where they were formerly residing, for example in the form of simplified admission / re-entry procedures. This category covers a wide array of situations, spanning the whole spectrum of migrants, including:
- third-country nationals wishing to work temporarily in the EU, e.g. in seasonal employment;
- third-country nationals wishing to study or train in Europe before returning to their country;
- third-country nationals who, after having completed their studies, wish to be employed in the EU (e.g. as trainees) to acquire professional experience which is difficult to obtain at home, before returning;
- third-country researchers wishing to carry out a research project in the EU;
- third-country nationals who wish to take part in intercultural people-to-people exchanges and other activities in the field of culture, active citizenship, education and youth (such as, for example, training courses, seminars, events, study visits);
- third-country nationals who wish to carry out an unremunerated voluntary service pursuing objectives of general interest in the EU.
- BG: виза
- CZ: vízum
- DE: Visum
- EE: viisa
- EN: visa
- ES: visado
- FI: viisumi
- FR: visa
- GA: víosa
- GR: θεώρηση εισόδου; βίζα
- HU: vízum
- IT: visto
- LT: viza
- LV: vīza
- MT: Viża
- NL: visum
- NO: visum
- PL: wiza
- PT: visto
- RO: viză
- SE: visering
- SK: vízum
- SL: vizum
The authorisation or decision of an EU Member State required for transit or entry for an intended stay in that EU Member State or in several EU Member States.
- BG: трета страна
- CZ: třetí země
- DE: Drittstaat
- EE: kolmas riik
- EN: third country
- ES: tercer país
- FI: kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers
- GA: tríú tír
- GR: τρίτη χώρα
- HU: harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo
- LT: trečioji šalis
- LV: trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz
- NL: derde land
- NO: tredjeland
- PL: kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ
- SE: tredjeland
- SK: tretia krajina
- SL: tretja država
A country that is not a member of the European Union as well as a country or territory whose citizens do not enjoy the European Union right to free movement, as defined in Art. 2(5) of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
- BG: транзит
- CZ: tranzit
- DE: Durchreise / Transit
- EE: läbisõit / transiit
- EN: transit
- ES: tránsito
- FI: kauttakulku
- FR: transit
- GA: idirthuras
- GR: διέλευση
- HU: tranzit
- IT: transito
- LT: tranzitas
- LV: tranzīts
- MT: Transitu
- NL: transit (NL syn.: doorreis)
- NO: transitt
- PL: tranzyt
- PT: trânsito
- RO: tranzit
- SE: transit
- SK: tranzit
- SL: tranzit
In the context of a visas, passage through (a) EU Member State(s) of a third-country national travelling from one third country to another third country.
Context of a visa: Derived by EMN from definition for ‘transit visa’ in Common Consular Instructions on visas (2005/C 326/01)
- BG: сезонен работник
- CZ: sezónní pracovník
- DE: Saisonarbeiter
- EE: hooajaline (võõr)töötaja
- EN: seasonal worker
- ES: trabajador de temporada extranjero
- FI: kausityöntekijä
- FR: travailleur saisonnier
- GA: oibrí séasúrach
- GR: εποχικός μετανάστης
- HU: szezonális munkavállaló migráns
- IT: lavoratore stagionale
- LT: sezoninis darbuotojas
- LV: sezonas strādnieks
- MT: Ħaddiem staġjonali / tal-istaġun
- NL: buitenlandse seizoensarbeider
- NO: sesongarbeider (b) / sesongarbeidar (n)
- PL: migrant (pracownik sezonowy)
- PT: migrante trabalhador sasonal
- RO: lucrător / muncitor sezonier
- SE: säsongsarbetare
- SK: sezónny zamestnanec / sezónny pracovník
- SL: sezonski delavec
A third-country national who retains their principal place of residence in a third country and stays legally and temporarily in the territory of an EU Member State to carry out an activity dependent on the passing of the seasons, under one or more fixed-term work contracts concluded directly between that third-country national and the employer established in that EU Member State.
This term is specifically referring to a third-country national, although it is known that other types of seasonal workers exist, e.g. for nationals within the same country, as well as intra-EU seasonal workers.
- BG: регионална програма за закрила
- CZ: program regionální ochrany
- DE: Regionales Schutzprogramm
- EE: piirkondlik kaitsekava
- EN: regional protection programme
- ES: programa regional de protección
- FI: alueellinen suojeluohjelma
- FR: programme régional de protection
- GA: Clár Cosanta Réigiúnaí
- HU: Regionális Védelmi Program
- IT: programma di protezione regionale
- LT: regioninė apsaugos programa
- LV: reģionālās aizsardzības programma
- MT: Programm ta’ protezzjoni reġjonali
- NL: regionaal beschermingsprogramma
- NO: regionalt program om beskyttelse (b) regionalt program om vern (n)
- PL: program ochrony regionalnej
- PT: Programa regional de protecção
- RO: program de protecţie regională
- SE: regionalt skyddsprogram
- SK: regionálny program ochrany
- SL: regionalni program zaščite
A programme designed to enhance the capacity of non-EU countries in the regions from which many refugees originate, or through which they pass in transit, with the aim to improve refugee protection through durable solutions (return, local integration and resettlement in a third country).
2. For further information, see the website of DG Migration and Home Affairs.
- BG: споразумение за реадмисия
- CZ: readmisní dohoda
- DE: Rückübernahmeabkommen
- EE: tagasivõtuleping
- EN: readmission agreement
- ES: acuerdo de readmisión
- FI: takaisinottosopimus
- FR: accord de réadmission
- GA: comhaontú um athghlactha isteach
- GR: συμφωνία επανεισδοχής
- HU: visszafogadási egyezmény
- IT: accordo di riammissione
- LT: readmisijos susitarimas
- LV: atpakaļuzņemšanas nolīgums
- MT: Ftehim ta’ dħul mill-ġdid / ta’ riammissjoni
- NL: terugnameovereenkomst
- NO: returavtale
- PL: umowa readmisyjna
- PT: acordo de readmissão
- RO: acord de readmisie
- SE: återtagandeavtal
- SK: readmisná dohoda
- SL: sporazum o vračanju oseb
An agreement between the European Union (EU) and / or an EU Member State with a third country, on the basis of reciprocity, establishing rapid and effective procedures for the identification and safe and orderly return of persons who do not, or no longer, fulfil the conditions for entry to, presence in, or residence in the territories of the third country or one of the EU Member States, and to facilitate the transit of such persons in a spirit of cooperation.
2. For more information, see the website of the European Commission on readmission.
- BG: сигурна трета страна
- CZ: bezpečná třetí země
- DE: sicherer Drittstaat
- EE: turvaline kolmas riik
- EN: safe third country
- ES: tercer país seguro
- FI: turvallinen kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers sûr
- GA: tríú tír atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής τρίτη χώρα
- HU: biztonságos harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo sicuro
- LT: saugi trečioji šalis
- LV: droša trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig derde land
- NO: trygt tredjeland
- PL: bezpieczny kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro seguro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ(ă) sigură
- SE: säkert tredjeland
- SK: bezpečná tretia krajina
- SL: varna tretja država
(a) life and liberty are not threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion;
(b) there is no risk of serious harm as defined in Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) ;
(c) the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is respected;
(d) the prohibition of removal, in violation of the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment as laid down in international law, is respected; and
(e) the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol.
- BG: сигурна страна на произход
- CZ: bezpečná země původu
- DE: sicherer Herkunftsstaat
- EE: turvaline päritoluriik (kolmas riik)
- EN: safe country of origin
- ES: país de origen seguro
- FI: turvallinen alkuperämaa
- FR: pays d’origine sûr
- GA: tír thionscnaimh atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής χώρα προέλευσης
- HU: biztonságos származási ország
- IT: paese di origine sicuro
- LT: saugi kilmės šalis
- LV: droša izcelsmes valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tal-oriġini sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig land van herkomst
- NO: trygt hjemland (b) / trygt heimland (n)
- PL: bezpieczny kraj pochodzenia
- PT: país de origem seguro
- RO: ţara de origine sigură
- SE: säkert ursprungsland
- SK: bezpečná krajina pôvodu
- SL: varna izvorna država
A country where, on the basis of the legal situation, the application of the law within a democratic system and the general political circumstances, it can be shown that there is generally and consistently no persecution as defined in Art. 9 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), no torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and no threat by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.
2. According to the Protocol 29 of TFEU, EU Member States shall be regarded as constituting safe countries of origin in respect of each other for all legal and practical purposes in relation to asylum matters. Accordingly, any application for asylum made by a national of a Member State are normally not taken into consideration.
3. EU Member States shall regularly review the situation in third countries that are designated as safe countries of origin.
4. The assessment of whether a country is a safe country of origin shall be based on a range of sources of information, including in particular information from other EU Member States, European Asylum Support Office (EASO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Council of Europe and other relevant international organisations.
5. According to Art. 36 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive), the 'concept of safe country of origin' means that a third country is - after an individual examination of the application - considered as a safe country of origin for a particular applicant only if:
- they have the nationality of that country; or
- they are a stateless person and were formerly habitually resident in that country, and they have not submitted any serious grounds for considering the country not to be a safe country of origin in their particular circumstances and in terms of their qualification as a beneficiary of international protection in accordance with Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive).
- BG: мигрант
- CZ: migrant
- DE: Migrant
- EE: sisserändaja
- EN: migrant
- ES: persona migrante
- FI: maahanmuuttaja / siirtolainen
- FR: migrant
- GA: imirceach
- GR: μετανάστης
- HU: migráns
- IT: migrante
- LT: migrantas
- LV: migrants
- MT: Migrant(a)
- NL: migrant
- NO: migrant
- PL: migrant
- PT: migrante
- RO: migrant
- SE: migrant
- SK: migrant
- SL: migrant
In the EU/EFTA context, a person who either:
(i) establishes their usual residence in the territory of an EU/EFTA Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, having previously been usually resident in another EU/EFTA Member State or a third country; or
(ii) having previously been usually resident in the territory of the EU/EFTA Member State, ceases to have their usual residence in the EU/EFTA Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months.
2. Under the UN definition, those travelling for shorter periods as tourists and business persons would not be considered migrants. However, common usage includes certain kinds of shorter-term migrants such as seasonal workers.
3. The term 'migrant' is usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate is taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of 'personal convenience' and without intervention of an external compelling factor; it therefore applies to persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family.
4. This definition does not include intra-EU mobility of citizens or residents, even though national concepts of international migration may include mobility, as will national statistics on international migration.
- BG: миграция
- CZ: migrace
- DE: Migration
- EE: ränne
- EN: migration
- ES: migración
- FI: muuttoliike / siirtolaisuus
- FR: migration
- GA: imirce
- GR: μετανάστευση
- HU: migráció
- IT: migrazione
- LT: migracija
- LV: migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni
- NL: migratie
- NO: migrasjon
- PL: migracja
- PT: migração
- RO: migraţie
- SE: migration
- SK: migrácia
- SL: migracija
In the EU context, the action by which a person either:
(i) establishes their usual residence in the territory of an EU Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, having previously been usually resident in another EU Member State or a third country; or
(ii) having previously been usually resident in the territory of an EU Member State, ceases to have their usual residence in that EU Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months.
2. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines migration as follows: 'movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border (international migration), or within a state (internal migration), encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes'. This broad definition covers all forms of migration (voluntrary/forced migration, internal/international migration, long-term/short-term migration), different motives for migration (migration because of political persecution, conflicts, economic problems, environmental degradation or a combination of these reasons or migration in search of better economic conditions or conditions of survival or well-being, or other motives such as familiy reunfication) and irrespective of the means used to migrate (legal/irregular migration). Thus it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification.
3. Under the UN, the definition 'movements for shorter periods' would not be considered migration.
- BG: имигрант
- CZ: přistěhovalec / imigrant
- DE: Zuwanderer (EU acquis) / Einwanderer / Immigrant
- EE: sisserändaja
- EN: immigrant
- ES: inmigrante
- FI: maahanmuuttaja / siirtolainen
- FR: immigrant
- GA: inimirceach
- GR: μετανάστης
- HU: bevándorló
- IT: immigrante
- LT: imigrantas
- LV: imigrants
- MT: Immigrant(a)
- NL: immigrant
- NO: innvandrer (b) / innvandrar (n)
- PL: imigrant
- PT: imigrante
- RO: imigrant
- SE: invandrare
- SK: prisťahovalec (national law) / imigrant
- SL: priseljenec
In the EU context, a person who establishes their usual residence in the territory of an EU Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, having previously been usually resident in another EU Member State or a third country.
- BG: имиграция
- CZ: přistěhovalectví / imigrace
- DE: Zuwanderung (EU acquis) / Einwanderung / Immigration
- EE: sisseränne
- EN: immigration
- ES: inmigración
- FI: maahanmuutto
- FR: immigration
- GA: inimirce
- GR: Имиграция
- HU: bevándorlás
- IT: immigrazione
- LT: imigracija
- LV: imigrācija
- MT: Immigrazzjoni
- NL: immigratie
- NO: innvandring
- PL: imigracja
- PT: imigração
- RO: imigraţie
- SE: invandring
- SK: prisťahovalectvo (national law) / imigrácia
- SL: priseljevanje
In the EU context, the action by which a person establishes their usual residence in the territory of an EU Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, having previously been usually resident in another EU Member State or a third country.